Women's Access to Land in East and Southern Africa:
An Annotated Bibliography
Assessment and Indicators
Aguilar, Lorena and Redna Nicaragua (1999). "A Good Start Makes a Better Ending." World Conservation Union and Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress.
http://www.generoyambiente.org/biblioteca/documentos.php?leng=ingles&cat=5&subcat=3
This document provides a set of concrete principles and guidelines for incorporating gender into a development program. It stresses the importance of considering gender issues as an integral part of the project from the outset and not as a separate category, as well as the importance of including both men and women in the design and decision making concerning the project. These recommendations stem from experience in Central America .
Aguilar, Lorena, Gustavo Biceno, Ilsie Valenciano(1999). "Seek and Ye Shall Find."
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/factsheet2.pdf .
This is the module on participatory appraisals with a gender equity perspective. It provides conceptual as well as concrete guidelines for conducting preliminary research with a gender perspective.
Quesada, Cecilia Alforo. "If We Can Organize it, We Can Do It."
http://www.generoyambiente.org/admin/admin_biblioteca/documentos/Module%203.pdf .
This is the module for project planning with a gender perspective. It outlines experiences learned by various projects in Central America and provides practical guidelines for how to manage gender equity in the planning process of a project.
Rodriguez, Guiselle, Narda Melendez, Emma Velasquez and Maria Alicia (1999). "Taking the Pulse of Gender."
Zaldana, Claudia Patricia (1999). "In Unity There is Power."
http://www.generoyambiente.org/admin/admin_biblioteca/documentos/Module%205.pdf
This is the module for participation and empowerment. It deals explicitly with power relations and contains guidelines on how to understand these in a particular context and take them into account when constructing programs aimed at empowering the powerless.
Escalante, Ana Cecilia, Maria del Rocio Painador, Lorena Aguilar and Ana Elena Badilla ( 1999). "Eyes that See.Hearts that Feel."
http://www.generoyambiente.org/admin/admin_biblioteca/documentos/Modulo%206.pdf .
This is the module for gender-sensitive indicators. It presents the challenges of measuring and valuing the most appropriate and telling factors in gender equity and gives concrete guidelines for developing a set of indicators for a particular project.
Blanco, Lara and Guiselle Rodríguez (1999). "Practicing What We Preach."
http://www.generoyambiente.org/admin/admin_biblioteca/documentos/Module%207.pdf
This is the module for management and decision-making processes with equity. It is based on the principle that organisations who work for gender equity in development must demonstrate their commitment to it within their own organisations and provides guidelines for how to ensure organisation integrity in this aspect.
Bell , Emily and Emily Esplen (2007). "Gender and Indicators: Supporting Resource Collection." BRIDGE.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/repors/IndicatorsSRCfinal.pdf .
This collection contains information pertaining to gender indicators in terms of poverty, empowerment, and gender based violence and conflict. It offers guidelines and suggestion for deciding how and what to measure for programs and initiatives from the grassroots to the international level. The collection takes the form of summaries of various sources. Most of these sources are available online for free and links are provided in the document.
Burns, Tony. "Measuring the Cost-Effectiveness of Land Administration." Land Equity International.
CIDA (1997). "Guide to Gender Sensitive Indicators."
http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/inet/images.nsf/vLUImages/Policy/$file/WID-GUID-E.pdf .
This is a guide written by the Canadian International Development Agency that seeks to provide helpful suggestions of indicators for gender equity in development projects. It does not specifically discuss indicators of women's secure access to land but it provides a conceptual and practical overview of gender-indicators in general and as such, is still a useful resource.
CIDA (1997). "The Why and How of Gender Sensitive Indicators: A Project Level Handbook."
http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Policy/$file/WID-HAND-E.pdf .
This handbook provides an overview of the main approaches to gender-sensitive indicators as well as guidelines for choosing the type of indicator for different kinds of projects. Its guidelines are structured around four main points including identifying objectives, identifying external factors, choosing indicators and developing qualitative analysis.
ECA (2004). "The African Gender and Development Index."
http://www.fao.org/es/ess/meetings/download/afcas2005/papers/AFCAS_05_7_2_b.pdf .
This report presents the African Gender and Development Index which was conceived to provide accountability for the African nations that have signed international agreements committing to women's equality and to working for women's empowerment. The measurements provide both qualitative and quantitative indicators and are based on statistics that are available in the African context.
Fajber, Elizabeth. "Participatory Research and Development in Natural Resource Management: Towards Social and Gender Equity."
http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-85048-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html .
This article discusses the usefulness and challenges of using participatory research in natural resource management. It defines the role of participatory research as one which gives the community and development practitioners knowledge about the social power relations that determine natural resource management. It provides particular guidelines for how to include women and other often excluded community members and emphasises the transformative potential of equitable participatory research and development.
FAO (2005). "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Guidelines for Reporting on Article 14."
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/y5951e/y5951e00.pdf
This document provides guidelines directed primarily at Ministries of Agriculture on how to gauge accountability to, and report on Article 14 of the CEDAW. It contains information on the article itself as well as guidelines of how to access information to report on it. It also contains a section on the role of FAO in relation to Article 14. It is useful as a guide for research into women's land rights status both for Ministries of Agriculture, but also for NGOs and other groups working with women's land rights.
IFAD. "A Manual for Gender-Focused Field Diagnostic Studies."
http://www.ifad.org/gender/tools/gender/appendix.pdf .
This is a practical methodological guide for conducting gender-focused field studies. It discusses the theoretical basis for such a study and basis its practical guidelines on studies done in Uganda and Zambia . In its appendices, it provides five techniques each for engaging with local leaders and key informants, women's groups, men's groups and one for an individual household interview. It also includes information on how to analyse the data collected.
KZN Provincial Team (2002). "Assessment of the Msikazi CPA"
http://www.leap.org.za/ASS007.pdf
This is the assessment of a South African land reform program. It found that the land reform had been successful in allowing the community as a whole to remain on their land, but that the internal processes were guided mainly by customary norms rather than the official administration put in place by the land reform. Women especially had benefited very little from the reform. The report recommends providing support for the community to reach greater clarity in how formal regulations relate to local practices. It stresses the importance of creating a land system whose authority is recognised both internally and externally.
Lockley, Anne (2005). "A Piece of Land or a Piece of Paper? Gendered Indicators of Property Rights." IWDA Symposium. OXFAM Australia .
http://devnet.anu.edu.au/Gender%20powerpoints/Lockley.pdf
This short article considers the level of helpfulness of two indicators developed by the UN Millennium taskforce on Gender Equality to measure women's rights to property, including numbers of joint title in marriage, and numbers of women's or joint titles as compared to men's title. Lockley draws examples from the Pacific and India to demonstrate instances in which title has in fact translated into women's increased land security. She cautions, however, that these indicators fail to take into account women's access to land outside formal title-holding and, as is often the case, women's de jure access to land but de facto insecurity.
Matiru, Violet (2005). "Logical Framework Analysis (LFA): for the Gender Equity Support Project (GESP) of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)"
This article provides a guide for how to conceive of a project in a way that facilitates measurement of outcomes. It provides helpful tools for defining objectives and goals and for collecting relevant date before and after the implementation of a project. It also provides lists of very useful examples of indicators for gender equity including measurements of women's rights and legal empowerment, women's economic empowerment, women in leadership, gender equality in policy and governance and gender equality through advocacy, awareness raising etc. For each of these categories it provides examples of qualitative and quantitative indicators.
Mikkelsen, Lene (2003). "Gender Statistics and Indicators: presentation to the UNIFEM/ESCAP training workshop on an integrated approach to gender statistics, 8-10 January 2003." ESCAP.
Modestus, Greg (2008). "Nigeria Group Advocates for Women Farmer's Rights" African Farm Review. Issue # 17, Past Issues.
http://farmradio.org/english/weekly/topic/news-review/ .
This brief article describes the work of a grassroots organisation in Nigeria named Dynamic Women's Group. This group seeks to enter into dialogue rather than protest to improve women's access to land, and thereby to livelihood. This approach has allowed them to develop a successful presence in the community and the article describes a specific case in which they managed to assist a widow.
Moser, Annalise (2007). "Gender and Indicators: overview report." Institute of Development Studies.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/IndicatorsORfinal.pdf .
This report discusses the importance of and challenges in measuring women's empowerment and gender equity. It emphasises the importance of using both quantitative and qualitative measurements and highlights the need to be contextually sensitive. It also discusses the usefulness of international comparative data but stresses the need for each organisation - national, international and grassroots - to develop, use and learn from gendered indicators.
NORAD (1999). "Handbook in Gender and Empowerment Assessment." http://www.norad.no/items/967/38/0166153665/Handbook%20in%20gender%..
This is the report of the methods used by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation to assess the gender empowering effects of the programs they fund. The assessment tools are designed to be used throughout the project and are simple in that they use ten empowerment factors.
Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women, United Nations (2001). "Important Concepts Underlying Gender Mainstreaming." http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/factsheet2.pdf .
This article provides a brief conceptual overview of the issues surrounding gender, gender equality and gender mainstreaming. Within the claim of gender equality as a key indicator of a sustainable society, it emphasises the need to bring both women and men on board in working toward gender equality and highlights the complementary nature of gender equality and women's empowerment.
Pasteur, Kath (2002). "Gender Analysis for Sustainable Livelihoods, Frameworks, tools and links to other sources."
http://www.livelihoods.org/info/tools/pas-GENDER.rtf .
This document highlights the importance of gender analysis for the promotion of equitable policies and the effectiveness of development programs. It provides guidelines and frameworks for conducting gender analysis as well as links for further information.
Status of Women Canada (1998). "Gender-Based Analysis: A Guide for Policy Making." Working Paper.
http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca/pubs/gbaguide/gbaguide_e.pdf
This document was written in response to Canadian legislation requiring all government departments to conduct gender analysis. It provides a conceptual framework for engaging in gender analysis and seeks to facilitate the adoption of policy and legislation that will promote gender equity. The guide is written specifically for the Canadian context but the concepts discussed are relevant to gender-analysis globally.
UNECA (2001). "5 Years After Beijing : What Efforts in Favour of African Women? Generate and Disseminate Gender Disaggregated Data."
http://www.uneca.org/eca_programmes/acgd/publications/en_0109_data.pdf .
This is an assessment report of progress made in the collection and analysis of gender disaggregated data in Africa since the Dakar and Beijing conferences. It also provides a progress report on the training done in efforts to mainstream gender analysis. The report identifies several constraints to progress in this area including the political will of decision-makers, the design of methodologies, updating of existing data, cooperation between statistics collectors, as well as funding and running of training.
UNDP/Bridge (2007). "CSW Side Event: 51 st Sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women Expert Panel Discussion: gender sensitive indicators and measurements of change" Institute of Development Studies.
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/UNDP_BRIDGE_CSW.pdf
This document contains presentations given by various academics and practitioners. They discuss the need for indicators of discrimination against women and of women's empowerment, touching on the difficulty of finding measurements for these complex issues but offering some examples of these. They also consider the usefulness of international indicators and provide an example of one such tool - the Social Watch Gender Equity Index.
